Social work is more than just helping people; it is a professional discipline that improves the lives of individuals, families, and communities. To truly understand this profession today, we must look at the History of Social Work in India. The journey from ancient charity to modern professional practice is fascinating.
This detailed guide explores the Historical Development of Social Work in India, covering ancient traditions, the era of social reform, and the rise of professional institutions.
1. Ancient and Medieval Roots: The Era of Charity
Long before Social Work became a profession, it existed as a moral duty in Indian society. In ancient India, helping the needy was not an organized career but a religious obligation.
The Concept of 'Dana' and Dharma
In the Vedic period, the concept of 'Dana' (Charity) was central to life. Helping the poor, feeding the hungry, and providing water to thirsty travelers were considered acts of 'Dharma' (Duty).
Ancient Roots
Rig Veda Period: Society encouraged charity as a way to acquire "Punya" (Merit).
Mauryan Empire (321–185 BCE): Emperor Ashoka appointed officials known as Dhamma Mahamattas to look after the welfare of the people, including women and prisoners.
Medieval Period: Religion and Welfare
During the medieval period, the spirit of helping continued through religious institutions.
Islam: Introduced the concept of 'Zakat', where a portion of one's wealth is given to the poor.
Bhakti and Sufi Movements: Saints like Kabir, Nanak, and Chishti promoted humanism and equality, fighting against caste barriers.
2. Pre-Independence Era: The Age of Social Reform (1800s – 1900s)
The 19th century is often called the "Renaissance of Social Reform" in India. The arrival of British rule and English education exposed Indian intellectuals to Western ideas of liberty and equality. This led to a fight against social evils like Sati (burning of widows), child marriage, and the caste system.
The 19th Century Reformers
This era saw the rise of great leaders who laid the foundation for the History of Social Work by changing social laws.
Key Dates in Social Reform
1815: Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Atmiya Sabha to fight social evils.
1828: Establishment of Brahmo Samaj by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
1829: Abolition of Sati Act passed (Supported by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Lord Bentinck).
1856: Hindu Widow Remarriage Act passed due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
1873: Satyashodhak Samaj founded by Jyotiba Phule to fight for the rights of lower castes and women.
1875: Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati; Aligarh Movement started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for Muslim education.
1897: Ramakrishna Mission established by Swami Vivekananda, focusing on service to mankind as service to God.
1905: Servants of India Society founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
These movements shifted the focus from simple charity to Social Reform, aiming to change the root causes of social problems.
3. The Gandhian Era: Constructive Social Work
Mahatma Gandhi introduced a new dimension to the History of Social Work. For Gandhi, political freedom was incomplete without social freedom. He focused on "Sarvodaya" (welfare of all) and "Antyodaya" (upliftment of the poorest).
His "Constructive Programme" included:
Removal of Untouchability (Harijan welfare).
Women's empowerment.
Promotion of Khadi and village industries.
Gandhian Impact
1915 Onwards: Gandhi’s return to India marked the beginning of mass mobilization for social causes, not just political freedom.
4. The Birth of Professional Social Work (1936)
This is the most critical turning point in the Historical Development of Social Work in India. While reformers fought for justice, there was a need for trained professionals who could scientifically solve social problems.
The First School of Social Work
In 1936, the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work was established in Bombay (now Mumbai). This was the first time Social Work was taught as a professional career in India.
Major Milestone: 1936
Event: Establishment of Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work (Now known as TISS - Tata Institute of Social Sciences).
Key Figure: Dr. Clifford Manshardt (The first Director).
Significance: It marked the transition from "Voluntary Service" to "Professional Practice."
This institution introduced the American model of social work education to India, focusing on scientific methods like casework and group work.
5. Post-Independence Era: State Welfare (1947 – Present)
After India gained independence in 1947, the government took major responsibility for social welfare. The Constitution of India enshrined principles of social justice, equality, and human rights.
Government Initiatives
The government realized that voluntary organizations alone could not handle the vast social problems of the country.
Post-Independence Milestones
1950: The Constitution of India came into force, promising social justice.
1952: Launch of the Community Development Programme (CDP) for rural upliftment.
1953: Establishment of the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB).
1960s-70s: Expansion of Social Work education to other universities (Delhi School of Social Work, etc.).
The Role of the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB)
The CSWB was a bridge between the government and voluntary NGOs. It provided funds and technical guidance to NGOs working for women, children, and the handicapped.
6. Current Trends in Social Work
Today, the History of Social Work has evolved into a diverse profession. It is no longer limited to charity. Modern social workers in India work in:
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Companies investing in social development.
Medical & Psychiatric Social Work: Working in hospitals.
Human Rights & Advocacy: Fighting for policy changes.
The formation of associations like the National Association of Professional Social Workers in India (NAPSWI) continues to strengthen the profession.
Conclusion
The Historical Development of Social Work in India is a journey from the ancient 'Dana' to the modern 'Professional Social Worker'. It started with religious charity, moved through the fiery reforms of the 19th century, adopted the scientific approach of TISS in 1936, and is now a key part of India's development story.
Understanding this history helps us appreciate the depth of the field. Whether you are a student or a practitioner, knowing these roots is essential for the future of Social Work
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