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National Rural Development Programmes

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 Content

  1. Introduction
  2. Pradhan Mantri Awash Yojona- Gramin (PMAY-G)
  3. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
  4. Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act-2005
  5. National Rural Livelihood Mission 
  6. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
  7. National Social Assistance Programme
  8. Conclusion

Introduction

Through its entire growth, rural development seeks to improve a rural community more broadly, ultimately improving the quality of life for its residents. The improvement of rural health, hygiene, and sanitation, the provision of better livelihood opportunities, the development of rural housing, improved road connectivity, improved irrigation facilities, the availability of safe drinking water, and rural electricity are all included in the overall development of rural communities. Since gaining its independence, the Indian government has implemented a number of rural development programs through various rural organizations, including the Ministry of Rural Development, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), the Khadi & Village Industries Commissions (KVIC), and others.

A variety of rural development programs have now been established by the Indian government in the areas of agricultural, rural housing, rural connectivity, rural health, rural livelihood, rural sanitation, etc. Following is a discussion of some of the important rural development programs:

Pradhan Mantri Awash Yojona- Gramin (PMAY-G)

With effect from 1 April 2016, the Indira Awash Yojona (IAY) program has been reorganized into the flagship Pradhan Mantri Awash YojonaGramin (PMAY-G) program in order to meet the government's commitment to offer "Housing for All" by 2022. By 2022, PMAY-G wants to give every household that is homeless or living in substandard housing a pucca house with a minimum unit size of 25 sq. mt., including places for hygienic cooking but excluding toilets.

Salient features of Pradhan Mantri Awash Yojona- Gramin (PMAY-G) are mentioned below: 

  • To provide assistance for the construction of 1 crore houses in rural areas within the time frame of three years from 2016-17 to 2018-19. 
  • Under PMAY-G minimum unit size has increased from 20 sr. mt. to 25sq. mt. 
  • Under PMAY-G unit assistance from Rs. 70,000 to 1.20 Lakh has increased in plain areas and Rs. 75,000 to 1.30 Lakh has increased to hilly and difficult areas. 
  • The cost of unit assistance is to be shared between Central and State government of 60: 40 in plain areas and 90: 10 for North Eastern and hilly areas.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

On December 25, 2000, the Government of India started the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana under the Ministry of Panchayat and Rural Development to give disconnected residents access in all weather conditions. It is an entirely centrally financed program. The main goal of this program is to provide eligible unconnected residents in rural areas with all-weather road connectivity so that all unconnected homes with populations of 1000 or more will be covered in three years (2000–2003) and all unconnected homes with populations of more than 500 will be covered by the end of the tenth plan period (2007). The goal would be to connect Habitations with a population of 250 or more in the case of the Hill States (North-East, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal), the Desert Territories (as designated in the Desert Development Programme), and the Tribal (Schedule V) areas.

Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act-2005

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was introduced by the Indian government in 2005 with the goal of ensuring the livelihood security of households in rural areas of the nation by guaranteeing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to every household whose adult members volunteer to perform unskilled manual labor throughout each fiscal year. The MGNREGA program is the first to ever guarantee paid employment on such a large scale. According to this plan, manual labor must produce long-lasting assets that advance the economic and infrastructure growth of villages. The Act went into effect in 200 selected districts of the nation starting in February 2006, and the remaining districts were included in the program by the first of April 2008. It covers the entirety of the nation, with the exception of the states of Jammu and Kashmir. MGNREGA has three objectives. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana's original program was integrated into MGNREGA in April 2008. The first is the creation of jobs, the second the regeneration of the natural resource base, and the third is the strengthening of the democratic grassroots movement through transparent and responsible governance. The execution of NREGA involves institutions at the central government and state level, and at all three tiers of local government in India. The Ministry of Rural Development, which also funds the Central Employment Guarantee Council, is the most significant institution within the Central Government.

National Rural Livelihood Mission 

Swarnajyanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana has been renamed National Rural Livelihood Mission by the Ministry of Rural Development with the intention of reaching out to all poor households and connecting them to sustainable livelihood options beginning on April 1, 2013. In addition to encouraging states to create their own livelihoods-based poverty reduction action plans and placing a strong emphasis on targets, outcomes, and time-bound delivery, NRLM has switched the current allocation-based strategy to a demand-driven one. Additionally, NRLM has introduced a continuous capacity-building initiative for connecting the underprivileged with livelihood opportunities. It has a framework in place for constantly checking progress toward its goals for reducing poverty.

NRLM works under the three approaches. These are:

  • To enhance and expand the livelihood opportunities of the poor 
  • To build skills for the job market outside. 
  • To nurture self -employed and entrepreneurs. 
NRLM has four key features. These are: 
  1. Social inclusion and institutions of the poor,
  2. Creation of gainful livelihoods opportunities, 
  3. Convergence and make partnership with different line departments
  4. Sensitive Support.
The government of India has introduced the Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana as a component of NRLM to improve the current condition of women in agriculture and to increase their economic self sufficiency. As part of the National Rural Livelihood Mission, the Ministry of Rural Development introduced the Deen Dayal Upadhaya Grameen Kaushlya Yojana on September 25, 2014. (NRLM). Its primary goals are to support rural youth's professional aspirations and increase the diversity of rural poor families' incomes. The initiative concentrated on rural kids from low-income families between the ages of 15 - 35. This program, which is a part of the skill India campaign, is crucial in supporting the Make in India, Digital India, Smart Cities, Startup India, and Stand-Up India campaigns as well as other social and economic initiatives of the Indian government. It currently spans 568 districts and 21 states and union territories. Currently, it is working on 690 projects with 300 partners across more than 330 trades in 82 different industrial sectors.

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)

The National Rural Health Mission is one program that the Indian government has created to address a number of concerns relating to health governance (Saxena, 2010). In 2005, the NRHM was introduced by the national central government, which is comprised of the Ministries of Health and Family Welfare. The mission employs a synergetic approach by connecting health to the determinants of good health and acknowledges the significance of health as a contributor to social and economic development (NRHM, 2005). The Mission's goal is to make healthcare services in rural areas accessible, affordable, accountable, efficient, and trustworthy. It is operational across the entire nation with a special focus on 18 states, including Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir from the north, as well as the eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Orissa, and Rajasthan. The North East States of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Si (NRHM, 2005). It aims to implement structural changes in the current health system so that it can successfully handle higher funding as promised under the National Common Minimum Programme and to advance laws that improve public health management and service provision in the nation. NRHM encourages community involvement, integration, and decentralization in health programs (11th Five Year Plan, 2007-2011). By merging all vertical health programs of the Department of Health and Family Welfare, such as the RCH Program and numerous diseases control programs, NRHM functions as an omnibus broadband program (MoHFW, 2010).

As per the Mission Document (2005), there are seven major objectives. These are mentioned below:
  • To reduce child and maternal mortality 
  • To promote universal access to public services for food & nutrition, sanitation & hygiene and also promote universal access to public health care services with emphasis on services addressing Maternal & Child health care and universal immunization 
  • To Prevent and control communicable and non-communicable diseases including locally endemic diseases. 
  • To ensure access to integrated comprehensive primary health care. 
  • To stabilize Population growth, gender and demographic balance. 
  • To revitalize local health traditions & mainstream AYUSH. 
  • To promote healthy life styles.
A strategy for reaching each aim is laid out in the NRHM Mission Document, along with some time-bound objectives for making significant advancements. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) adopted at the global level are specifically considered by these objectives (Saxena, 2010). The Mission Document further states that in order to be compliant with NRHM, State governments must sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Federal government, pledging to carry out their part of the plan of action and guaranteeing an annual increase in public health spending of at least 10%. The State governments will then receive more money, medications, and other supplies from the Federal government for use in providing public health care.

Through the introduction of enhanced health infrastructure, the expansion of human resources, the decentralization of programs, and the efficient use of resources, NRHM fills the gap in Rural Health Care services. Both core and supplemental strategies have been developed in the Mission document for the seamless delivery of services under NRHM. The primary goals of the Mission are to increase the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to manage public health services, to strengthen and upgrade public health infrastructure, such as Sub-Centres, Primary Health Centers (PHCs), and Community Health Centers (CHCs), to provide female health activists (ASHAs), to prepare village health plans and intersectoral district health plans, and to integrate vertical health. Private collaborations, mainstreaming AYUSH, reorienting medical education, and the creation of social health insurance are some of the mission's further methods.

National Social Assistance Programme

To promote economic development and to ensure social justice government of India has launched National Social Assistance Programme on 15th August, 1995. At present, the National Social Assistence Programme(NSAP) is comprised of National Old Age Pension Scheme, National Disability Scheme, National Widow Pension Scheme, National Family Benefit Scheme and Annapurna. The main objective of this programme is to upgrade the status of vulnerable section of our society

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)

Beneficiaries of the program who are 65 years of age or older and whose families fall into the BPL category are eligible for financial support up to Rs 400 per month. The National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) was renamed the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme as of November 2007. (IGNOAPS)

National Family Benefit Scheme

This scheme provides one time financial support to the families living below poverty line, which has lost their bread earner at the age group of 15- 65 years. Suicidal cases have not been covered under this scheme.

Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme 

The scheme's goal is to offer Rs 400 in monthly financial help to all identified retirees who are widows between the ages of 40 and 64 and whose family is below the poverty line. There is no quota at any level, and the plan is completely inclusive.

Indira Gandhi National Disability Scheme 

Under this scheme financial assistance of Rs. 400 is provided to all identified beneficiaries who are from the age group of 18-64 years with severe disability or multiple disabilities. Under this scheme the beneficiary should be from BPL category

Annapurna Yojana

It is a federally funded program that was started in 2001. Since 2002–2003, this program has been incorporated into the state plan. The elderly who are in need of food security but have not received it via the National Old Age Pension Scheme despite being eligible are given it under this program. The beneficiaries of the Annapurna Yojana receive 10 kg of food grains gratis each month.

Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana

The government of India started the Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana on October 11th, 2014 with the objective of creating three Adarsh Grams by March 2019 of which one would be accomplished by 2016. This program has chosen to build the chosen villages holistically, focusing on a variety of sectors including agriculture, health education, sanitation, environments, and livelihoods. Instead of focusing solely on building infrastructure, SAANJHI aims to instill certain values in the villages and their residents so that they become role models for others. These values include antyodaya, people's participation, gender equality, the dignity of women, social justice, the spirit of community service, cleanliness, eco-friendliness, peace and harmony, cooperation, self-reliance, local self-government, transparency and accountability in public life, etc. In accordance with this plan, each Lok Sabha MP must select a Gram Panchayat from within their district, and each Rajya Sabha MP must choose a rural region from the district of their choice in the state from whence they were elected. MPs who have been nominated may select a Gram Panchayat from any rural district in the nation. In contrast, MPs from urban districts must choose a Gram Panchayat from the district's surrounding rural areas. The MPs will organize the required resources and facilitate the local development plan. Each village's planning procedure is a collaborative activity overseen by the district collector.

Swachh Bharat Mission ( Gramin)

India's government began the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) on October 2, 2014, under the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, with the goal of accelerating the coverage of sanitation in rural regions. The following is a discussion of the Swachh Bharat Mission's (Gramin) primary goals:
  • To bring improvement in the sanitary condition of rural areas by encouraging the practices of cleanliness, hygiene and elimination of open defecation. 
  • To accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October, 2019.
  • To generate awareness among rural masses for the adoption of sustainable sanitary practices and facilities through the involvement of Panchayat Raj Institution. 
  • To encourage the adoption of cost effective and ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation. 
  • As per the requirement of the community develop community managed sanitation system which put focus on scientific ways of solid and liquid waste management system for maintaining overall cleanliness in rural areas.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission

The Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission was introduced by the Indian government on February 21 with the goal of creating clusters of villages that combine the best of rural community life with urban amenities. With a focus on rural economy and technology, the objective was to close the divide between rural and urban communities. The mission seeks to create a local economy that is self-sufficient, which will finally address the problems of unemployment and poverty. The mission's goal is to establish 300 rural clusters across the nation. 100 clusters will be selected in the initial phase, and as the program moves forward, additional clusters will be found.

Aam Admi Bima Yojana

In order to offer coverage for death and disability for rural landless households, the Indian government's Ministry of Finance introduced the Aam Admi Bima Yojana in 2007. This program covers the head of the family or one earning family member in such a household. Additionally, beneficiaries of the program range in age from 18 to 59. The Life Insurance Corporation of India manages the program (LIC). This program offers insurance coverage of Rs. 30,000 for natural death, Rs. 75,000 for accidental death, Rs. 37,500 for accidental partial permanent disability, and Rs. 75,000 for accidental whole permanent disability.

Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana( Watershed Development Component)

It is a modified version of the former Desert Development Program, Integrated Watershed Developmental Program, and Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP), all of which were administered by the Ministry of Rural Development's Land Resources department. The main goals of this program are to preserve the ecological balance through the development and conservation of damaged natural resources such soil, vegetation, and water, which ultimately aids in reducing soil erosion, regrowth of native vegetation, and rainwater collection. The major goal of this program is to give residents of the watershed area a sustainable means of subsistence.
The salient features of this programme are as below:
  • Setting up dedicated institutions with multi- disciplinary experts at state, district and project levels. 
  • Adopted cluster approach in selection and preparation of projects where the average size of the project is about 5,000 Ha. 
  • Adopted scientific planning, monitoring and evaluation of the project by using information technology
  • Enhanced cost norms from RS. 6000 per Ha. to 12,000/Ha. in plains and Rs. 15,000/ Ha. in difficult hilly areas. 

Conclusion

It is a new version of the Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme, and Integrated Watershed Developmental Programme, which were all run by the Ministry of Rural Development's Department of Land Resources. The main goals of this program are to keep the environment in balance by preserving and developing degraded natural resources like soil, plant cover, and water. This helps stop soil erosion, bring back natural plant life, and collect rainwater. The main goal of this program is to give people who live in the watershed area a way to make a living that will last.

Reference

  • http://www.pmgsy.nic.in/pmg31.asp#1 
  • http://pmgsy.nic.in/PMGSY_E_J_2015.pdf 
  • http://iay.nic.in/netiay/English_Book_Final.pdf 
  • http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx 
  • http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/guidelines.aspx 
  • http://nrega.nic.in/rajaswa.pdf 
  • http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/government/mnrega-progress-made-by-modigovernment-in-one-year
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