Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when working collectively?

The term that indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when working collectively is social loafing.

Social loafing is a phenomenon that occurs when people are less productive when they are working in a group than when they are working individually. There are a few reasons why social loafing can occur:

• Diffusion of responsibility: In a group, individuals may feel less responsible for their own work, believing that others will pick up the slack. This can lead to people putting in less effort than they would if they were working alone.
• Evaluation apprehension: Some people may be afraid of being evaluated by their peers, and this can lead them to put in less effort in a group setting. They may worry that they will be judged if they make a mistake or that they will not be able to keep up with the other members of the group.
• Free riding: Some people may simply take advantage of the situation and let others do the work for them. They may know that the group will still be able to complete the task even if they put in less effort.

Social loafing can have a negative impact on the performance of a group. It can lead to decreased productivity, lower-quality work, and increased conflict among group members.

There are a number of things that managers can do to reduce social loafing, such as:

• Make individual contributions visible: When individual contributions are visible to other members of the group, it can help reduce social loafing. This can be done by giving individuals specific tasks within a group project or by using peer evaluation.
• Create a sense of accountability: Managers can create a sense of accountability among group members by making it clear that everyone is responsible for their own work. This can be done by setting clear goals and expectations for each group member and by providing regular feedback.
• Promote group cohesion: group cohesion is the sense of belonging and commitment that group members feel towards the group. When group cohesion is high, it can help reduce social loafing. Managers can promote group cohesion by creating opportunities for group members to socialize and get to know each other and by establishing group norms that value teamwork and cooperation.