Question 1: Inferential statistics is primarily concerned with: a) Describing and summarizing data b) Drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample c) Presenting data in a graphical format d) Organizing data for easier interpretation

Answer: b) Drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample

Question 2: Which of the following is a requirement for using inferential statistics? a) A small sample size b) A well-defined and representative sample c) Detailed descriptive statistics d) Data collected from a single source

Answer: b) A well-defined and representative sample

Question 3: A confidence interval is used to: a) Estimate a range within which the population parameter is likely to fall b) Calculate the mean of a dataset c) Determine the standard deviation of a dataset d) Summarize the variability in a dataset

Answer: a) Estimate a range within which the population parameter is likely to fall

Question 4: In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is typically: a) The statement being tested for significance b) The opposite of the research hypothesis c) Always accepted as true d) Always rejected

Answer: b) The opposite of the research hypothesis

Question 5: A Type I error in hypothesis testing occurs when: a) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true b) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually true c) The research hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false d) The research hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true

Answer: a) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true

Question 6: Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups? a) t-test b) ANOVA c) Chi-squared test d) Correlation analysis

Answer: a) t-test

Question 7: The p-value in hypothesis testing represents: a) The probability of obtaining the observed result if the null hypothesis is true b) The strength of the relationship between variables c) The mean difference between two groups d) The level of significance chosen by the researcher

Answer: a) The probability of obtaining the observed result if the null hypothesis is true

Question 8: Which of the following is a parametric statistical test? a) t-test b) Mann-Whitney U test c) Wilcoxon signed-rank test d) Chi-squared test

Answer: a) t-test

Question 9: A confidence level of 95% means: a) There is a 95% chance the population parameter is within the calculated interval b) The sample is representative of the population c) The null hypothesis is true d) The research hypothesis is supported

Answer: a) There is a 95% chance the population parameter is within the calculated interval

Question 10: Which of the following is a non-parametric statistical test? a) Mann-Whitney U test b) t-test c) ANOVA d) Chi-squared test

Answer: a) Mann-Whitney U test

Question 11: When conducting a hypothesis test, the level of significance (alpha) is typically set at: a) 0.05 b) 0.01 c) 0.10 d) 0.50

Answer: a) 0.05

Question 12: A Type II error in hypothesis testing occurs when: a) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true c) The research hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false d) The research hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true

Answer: b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true

Question 13: Which statistical test is used to determine the relationship between two categorical variables? a) Chi-squared test b) t-test c) ANOVA d) Pearson correlation

Answer: a) Chi-squared test

Question 14: Which type of hypothesis is typically the focus of inferential statistics? a) Alternative hypothesis b) Null hypothesis c) Research hypothesis d) Descriptive hypothesis

Answer: a) Alternative hypothesis

Question 15: In a research study, if the p-value is less than the chosen level of significance (alpha), what is the appropriate action? a) Reject the null hypothesis b) Fail to reject the null hypothesis c) Accept the null hypothesis d) Confirm the research hypothesis

Answer: a) Reject the null hypothesis

Question 16: In a one-sample t-test, the null hypothesis typically assumes that: a) The population mean is equal to a specified value b) The population variance is equal to a specified value c) The sample mean is equal to zero d) The sample variance is equal to one

Answer: a) The population mean is equal to a specified value

Question 17: In a chi-squared test for independence, we examine the relationship between: a) Two categorical variables b) Two continuous variables c) A categorical variable and a continuous variable d) Two dependent variables

Answer: a) Two categorical variables

Question 18: What does the power of a statistical test represent? a) The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis b) The probability of accepting a true null hypothesis c) The probability of obtaining a significant result d) The probability of committing a Type II error

Answer: a) The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis

Question 19: A researcher wants to compare the mean test scores of students who received tutoring and those who did not. Which statistical test should be used? a) Independent samples t-test b) Paired samples t-test c) Chi-squared test d) ANOVA

Answer: a) Independent samples t-test

Question 20: In a two-sample t-test, the alternative hypothesis typically assumes that: a) The population means of the two groups are not equal b) The population variances of the two groups are equal c) The sample means of the two groups are equal d) The sample variances of the two groups are equal

Answer: a) The population means of the two groups are not equal

Question 21: Which statistical test is appropriate for analyzing the relationship between two continuous variables? a) Pearson correlation b) Chi-squared test c) ANOVA d) Mann-Whitney U test

Answer: a) Pearson correlation

Question 22: A Type III error in hypothesis testing occurs when: a) There is confusion between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis b) Both the null and research hypotheses are accepted c) There is a failure to reject a false null hypothesis due to inadequate power d) The null hypothesis is falsely rejected

Answer: c) There is a failure to reject a false null hypothesis due to inadequate power

Question 23: What does the degrees of freedom represent in a statistical test? a) The number of values in the dataset b) The number of categories in a categorical variable c) The number of individuals in the sample d) The amount of information available to estimate a parameter

Answer: d) The amount of information available to estimate a parameter

Question 24: In a one-sample t-test, the degrees of freedom are calculated as: a) n - 1, where n is the sample size b) n, where n is the sample size c) n + 1, where n is the sample size d) n/2, where n is the sample size

Answer: a) n - 1, where n is the sample size

Question 25: Which statistical test should be used to compare the means of more than two groups? a) ANOVA b) t-test c) Mann-Whitney U test d) Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Answer: a) ANOVA