1. Social stigma is generally defined as: A. A positive evaluation of a person or group B. A negative evaluation or judgment of a person or group C. A neutral assessment of a person or group D. A lack of evaluation of a person or group Answer: B

2. Which of the following is a universal characteristic of social stigma? A. It varies significantly across cultures B. It is always based on accurate information C. It involves labeling and categorizing individuals or groups D. It is rarely experienced by people worldwide Answer: C

3. Cultural-specific stigma refers to: A. Stigma that is prevalent across all cultures B. Stigma that is unique to a specific cultural context C. Stigma experienced by individuals irrespective of culture D. Stigma that is medically diagnosed and treated Answer: B

4. In collectivist cultures, stigma might be more associated with: A. Individual achievements B. Family reputation and honor C. Personal identity and expression D. Independence and autonomy Answer: B

5. In individualistic cultures, stigma might be more associated with: A. Group conformity B. Tradition and heritage C. Shared responsibilities D. Personal failings or weaknesses Answer: D

6. Which of the following is an example of a culturally specific stigma? A. Caste-based discrimination in certain South Asian societies B. Discrimination based on physical appearance C. Discrimination based on educational qualifications D. Discrimination based on economic status Answer: A

7. The "face-saving" concept is more prevalent in cultures that emphasize: A. Individualism B. Collectivism C. Egalitarianism D. Freedom of expression Answer: B

8. In some cultures, mental health conditions may carry more stigma due to: A. Genetic factors B. Strong community support systems C. Cultural beliefs and misconceptions D. Availability of advanced medical treatments Answer: C

9. Universal stigmas often relate to characteristics that are: A. Acquired later in life B. Innate and unchangeable C. Related to personal choices D. Associated with social status Answer: B

10. Which of the following is true about universal stigmas? A. They are limited to physical attributes only B. They remain constant across all societies and cultures C. They can be influenced by social and historical factors D. They do not affect people emotionally Answer: C

11. Cultural-specific stigmas can be influenced by: A. Globalization B. Genetic predisposition C. Socioeconomic factors D. Individual preferences Answer: A

12. In some cultures, a person's marital status may be a source of stigma. This is an example of: A. Individualistic stigma B. Cultural-specific stigma C. Universal stigma D. Gender-based stigma Answer: B

13. Cultural-specific stigmas may be deeply rooted in: A. Economic factors B. Colonial history C. Genetic predispositions D. Technological advancements Answer: B

14. In certain cultures, disability may be stigmatized due to: A. Advances in medical knowledge B. Beliefs about sin or wrongdoing C. Inclusive education systems D. Supportive community networks Answer: B

15. The role of religion in shaping cultural-specific stigma can be: A. Mitigating stigma B. Aggravating stigma C. Irrelevant to stigma D. Neutral in stigma formation Answer: B

16. The stigma associated with a person's occupation can vary based on: A. Individual choices B. Cultural values and beliefs C. Gender identity D. Level of education Answer: B

17. The stigma attached to HIV/AIDS is an example of: A. Individualistic stigma B. Gender-based stigma C. Universal stigma D. Disease-related stigma Answer: D

18. Cultural-specific stigma is often deeply influenced by: A. Global media B. Political ideologies C. Educational level D. Socioeconomic background Answer: B

19. Stigma related to body image and beauty standards can be: A. Universally present in all cultures B. Culturally specific C. Constant and unchanging D. Based on genetic factors Answer: B

20. Discrimination based on caste, prevalent in some societies, is an example of: A. Cultural-specific stigma B. Economic stigma C. Universal stigma D. Gender-based stigma Answer: A

21. The role of traditional gender roles and expectations can influence: A. Universal stigmas B. Cultural-specific stigmas C. Genetic predispositions D. Socioeconomic factors Answer: B

22. In certain cultures, mental illness may be stigmatized due to beliefs about: A. Supernatural forces and possession B. Genetic predispositions C. Adequate healthcare availability D. Strong family bonds Answer: A

23. Stigma related to LGBTQ+ identities can be: A. Culturally specific B. Universally accepted C. Not a significant issue globally D. Based on genetic factors Answer: A

24. Discrimination based on regional or ethnic background is an example of: A. Cultural-specific stigma B. Genetic predisposition C. Universal stigma D. Occupation-based stigma Answer: A

25. Cultural-specific stigmas are often perpetuated by: A. Cultural relativism B. Global cooperation and understanding C. Acknowledgment of diverse perspectives D. Homogenization of cultures Answer: D